Are AI tools making us smarter, or are we outsourcing our thinking to machines at the cost of our own cognitive abilities?

In "AI Tools in Society: Impacts on Cognitive Offloading and the Future of Critical Thinking," Michael Gerlich examines the cognitive consequences of artificial intelligence (AI) tools, particularly their influence on critical thinking. Published in Societies (2025), the study investigates whether AI tools enhance or undermine cognitive skills, focusing on the concept of cognitive offloading—the process by which people delegate cognitive tasks to external aids. Through a mixed-methods approach, Gerlich surveys 666 participants across various age groups and educational backgrounds, while also conducting in-depth interviews to gain qualitative insights into their experiences with AI reliance.

The study’s findings suggest a significant negative correlation between frequent AI tool usage and critical thinking skills, with cognitive offloading serving as a mediating factor. Participants who frequently relied on AI tools exhibited lower critical thinking scores, particularly in areas requiring independent analysis and problem-solving. The effect was most pronounced among younger participants, who demonstrated a greater tendency to trust AI-generated information without critically evaluating its validity. In contrast, older participants showed more resilience in maintaining critical thinking skills, likely due to lower AI dependency and greater life experience.

Education emerged as a crucial factor in moderating AI’s impact on cognitive abilities. Individuals with higher levels of education, particularly those with advanced degrees, displayed stronger critical thinking abilities despite AI usage. This suggests that educational attainment may act as a protective factor, equipping individuals with the analytical skills necessary to counterbalance the risks of cognitive offloading.

Gerlich’s research raises important concerns about the long-term implications of AI reliance. As AI tools become increasingly integrated into daily life—ranging from search engines and virtual assistants to complex decision-making algorithms—there is a risk that individuals may become less engaged in reflective thinking. The study warns of a future where AI-induced cognitive erosion could diminish essential skills required for academic success, professional competence, and informed decision-making. Gerlich calls for proactive interventions, particularly in education, to ensure that AI tools are used as cognitive enhancers rather than replacements for independent thought. He advocates for structured learning environments that encourage active engagement with AI while reinforcing critical thinking exercises.

Ultimately, "AI Tools in Society" serves as a cautionary examination of AI’s dual-edged nature. While AI tools offer efficiency and accessibility, their unchecked use threatens to weaken fundamental cognitive skills. By recognizing these risks, educators, policymakers, and technologists can develop strategies to mitigate AI’s adverse effects and ensure that critical thinking remains a cornerstone of human intelligence in an AI-driven world.